For most people the court system is unfamiliar, and not knowing what to expect can be stressful, especially in a foreign country. Here is a simple overview of how a court case works in Iceland.
Three levels of court
The Icelandic court system has three levels. Cases normally start in one of the district courts (héraðsdómur), the largest of which is in Reykjavík.
Judgments can be appealed to the Court of Appeal (Landsréttur) and, in cases of general importance, further to the Supreme Court (Hæstiréttur). Read more about which lawyers can appear where in lawyer titles in Iceland.
How a case starts
A civil case usually begins with a summons (stefna), in which the claimant sets out their claims against the defendant. The defendant then submits a written defence.
In criminal cases the prosecution starts the case by issuing an indictment (ákæra).
Evidence and preparation
Before the hearing, the parties submit documents, call witnesses and request expert assessments where needed. This preparation is often decisive for the outcome, and many civil cases are settled at this stage.
The main hearing
At the main hearing (aðalmeðferð), witnesses give evidence and the lawyers present their arguments. The judge, or a panel of judges, hears the case and assesses the evidence.
Proceedings are held in Icelandic. Parties and witnesses who do not speak Icelandic are assisted by an interpreter, and documents in other languages may need translation.
Judgment and appeal
After the hearing the court delivers its judgment, usually within a few weeks. A party who disagrees can often appeal to a higher court, normally within four weeks. A lawyer will assess whether an appeal is worthwhile.
Why a lawyer matters in court
Arguing a case in court requires knowledge of both the substantive law and the rules of procedure. A good lawyer prepares the case carefully, presents it with confidence and protects your interests at every stage.
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